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Examples of these changes are available at. 21 Such physical changes can alert health care professionals that their patients may be abusing methamphetamine. Long-term users of methamphetamine often exhibit skin-picking behaviors, which can lead to abscesses. These changes usually result from malnutrition, severe dental decay (known as “meth mouth”), poor hygiene, and weight loss. 16 Tolerance and addiction can occur, and methamphetamine users often use other substances.ĭistinctive changes occur in the physical appearance of long-term methamphetamine users, producing an aging effect. 13 – 24 Myocardial infarction, respiratory failure, stroke, cardiomyopathy, and hepatitis have been reported. 17, 18 These changes can result in neurologic and psychiatric symptoms, which are probably caused by dopamine depletion 19, 20 and are listed in Table 1. CHRONICĬhronic use of methamphetamine can cause potentially irreversible neuronal changes. Use of medications metabolized through this pathway, such as protease inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, can raise methamphetamine levels. 16 It is metabolized by the liver through the cytochrome P2D6 system. Methamphetamine has a half-life of 12 hours, so its effects last longer than those of cocaine. Information from references 13 through 24.
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One review of 145 deaths in which methamphetamine use was a contributing factor found that accidents, homicide, and suicide were responsible for the 123 deaths in which a cause could be determined. Possible adverse effects are listed in Table 1 13 – 24 the incidence of these effects is unclear. 11, 12 Prolonged sleep and mild dysphoria occur as the drug effects wear off. 10 Increased libido and enhanced sexual pleasure also occur, and methamphetamine use is associated with high-risk sexual behavior. Methamphetamine use produces a rapid, pleasurable rush caused by release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin it also produces euphoria, a heightened level of alertness, and increased energy. Methamphetamine is most commonly smoked, but it can also be snorted, injected, swallowed, or inserted rectally. 4 Methamphetamine use has also been associated with hepatitis C virus infection. 4, 5 One study in six large cities showed that 13 percent of men who have sex with men had used methamphetamine in the preceding six months. 1 Methamphetamine use is more common among men who have sex with men, and it is associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and transmission in this population. Most methamphetamine users are white men 18 to 25 years of age, although proportionally more women use methamphetamine than other illicit drugs, 3 and usage rates are higher in certain ethnic groups ( Figure 1). 1 The recently published National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health found that 2.8 percent of adults 18 to 26 years of age reported methamphetamine use within the past year. It can be illicitly manufactured from over-the-counter pseudoephedrine.Īlthough rates of methamphetamine use have stabilized since 2002, rates of methamphetamine dependence increased from 10.6 percent of users in 2002 to 22.3 percent in 2004. Its effects are similar to those of cocaine, and it is highly addictive, inexpensive, and easily available. The synthetic stimulant methamphetamine (most commonly known as “meth” or “crystal meth”) is a commonly abused drug in the United States. Pharmacologic treatments are under investigation. Treatment of methamphetamine abuse is behavioral cognitive behavior therapy, contingency management, and the Matrix Model may be effective. Treatment of methamphetamine intoxication is primarily supportive. Use of methamphetamine in women who are pregnant can cause placental abruption, intrauterine growth retardation, and preterm birth, and there can be adverse consequences in children exposed to the drug. High-risk sexual activity and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus are also associated with methamphetamine use. Chronic methamphetamine use is associated with neurologic and psychiatric symptoms and changes in physical appearance. Possible adverse effects include myocardial infarction, stroke, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, cardiomyopathy, psychosis, and death. Methamphetamine use produces a rapid, pleasurable rush followed by euphoria, heightened attention, and increased energy.
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Most methamphetamine users are white men 18 to 25 years of age, but the highest usage rates have been found in native Hawaiians, persons of more than one race, Native Americans, and men who have sex with men. Methamphetamine is a stimulant commonly abused in many parts of the United States.